With the warming of weather in spring and summer, fly populations in livestock farms increase rapidly and become one of the most important factors reducing animal comfort, health, and productivity. Among the various fly species associated with livestock, the horn fly and stable fly are considered two of the most economically important pests in dairy and beef cattle. In addition to causing stress and irritation, these insects can reduce feed intake, weight gain, and milk production

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals (notably cattle and sheep). It spreads rapidly among livestock. The disease does not often kill many animals directly, but causes major economic damage by reducing milk yield, slowing growth, increasing treatment costs, and triggering trade and movement restrictions.

chromium is a key trace mineral that enhances glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting blood glucose stability and more efficient energy utilization (Osangjib, 2005; Al-Saiady et al., 2020). Beyond improving feed intake, chromium strengthens immune function by reducing oxidative stress and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines